This third article in a three-part series, prepared in collaboration with Penningtons Manches Cooper, focuses on the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Pakistan and the scope of the public policy exception. It traces the evolution of Pakistan’s arbitration framework following the enactment of the Recognition and Enforcement (Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards) Act, 2011, examines the Supreme Court’s landmark clarification in Taisei Corporation vs. A.M. Construction Company, and highlights how recent jurisprudence has aligned Pakistan with international enforcement standards under the New York Convention.

This second article in a three-part series, produced in collaboration with Penningtons Manches Cooper, examines the enforceability of Take-or-Pay clauses in Pakistan’s energy sector. In light of rising energy costs, declining demand for grid-based electricity, and the Government’s decision to prematurely terminate several Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), it explores how Pakistani courts, including the Supreme Court, have addressed disputes arising from such clauses. By analyzing recent case law, including the landmark Orient Power decision, it highlights judicial trends that shape contractual risk allocation, investor protection, and the long-term sustainability of energy projects in a rapidly evolving market.

This first article in a three-part series considers recent decisions by the English courts on the enforcement of arbitral awards from Pakistan. Produced in collaboration with leading Pakistan law firm, ABS & Co, it examines the volatile nature of the energy sector in Pakistan, highlighting the risks arising from the termination of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with the Government of Pakistan or its state-owned enterprises, in a period where the country is transitioning towards solar power and the contractual terms (including Take-or-Pay clauses) are proving to be financially unsustainable.